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\newcommand{\file}{\tt}			% Style to use for a filename
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\newcommand{\ud}{(Under development)}	% Abbreviation
\newcommand{\1}{\({}^1\)}
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\newlength{\dig}
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\newcommand{\num}[2]{\makebox[#1\dig][r]{#2}}
\newcommand{\major}[4]{\num{3}{#1}#2 \> #3 \> #4 \\}
\newcommand{\minor}[3]{\> \> \num{3}{#1} \> {\file #2} \> #3 \\}
\newcommand{\minordots}{\> \> \> \dots \\}
\newenvironment{devicelist}%
 {\begin{tabbing}%
000--000 \= blockxxx \= 000 \= {\file /dev/crambamboli} \= foo \kill}%
 {\end{tabbing}}
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\title{{\bf Linux Allocated Devices}}
\author{Maintained by H. Peter Anvin $<$hpa@storm.net$>$}
\date{Last revised: November 17, 1995}
\maketitle
%
\noindent
This list is the successor to Rick Miller's Linux Device List, which
he stopped maintaining when he lost network access in 1993.  It is a
registry of allocated major device numbers, as well as the recommended
{\file /dev} directory nodes for these devices.

This list is now included with the Linux kernel sources in \LaTeX\ and
ASCII form.  This list is also vailable via FTP from ftp.yggdrasil.com
in the directory {\file /pub/device-list}; filename is {\file
devices.{\it format\/}} where {\it format\/} is {\file txt} (ASCII),
{\file tex} (\LaTeX), {\file dvi} (DVI) or {\file ps} (PostScript).

This document is included by reference into the Linux Filesystem
Standard (FSSTND).  The FSSTND is available via FTP from
tsx-11.mit.edu in the directory {\file
/pub/linux/docs/linux-standards/fsstnd}.

To have a major number allocated, or a minor number in situations
where that applies (e.g.\ busmice), please contact me.  Also, if you
have additional information regarding any of the devices listed below,
or if I have made a mistake, I would greatly appreciate a note.

Allocations marked (68k) apply to Linux/68k only.

This document is in the public domain.  The author requests, however,
that semantically altered versions are not distributed without
permission of the author, assuming the author can be contacted without
an unreasonable effort.

\section{Major numbers}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{ 0}{}{     }{Unnamed devices (NFS mounts, loopback devices)}
\major{ 1}{}{char }{Memory devices}
\major{  }{}{block}{RAM disk}
\major{ 2}{}{char }{Reserved for PTY's $<$tytso@athena.mit.edu$>$}
\major{  }{}{block}{Floppy disks}
\major{ 3}{}{char }{Reserved for PTY's $<$tytso@athena.mit.edu$>$}
\major{  }{}{block}{First MFM, RLL and IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface}
\major{ 4}{}{char }{TTY devices}
\major{ 5}{}{char }{Alternate TTY devices}
\major{ 6}{}{char }{Parallel printer devices}
\major{ 7}{}{char }{Virtual console access devices}
\major{ 8}{}{block}{SCSI disk devices}
\major{ 9}{}{char }{SCSI tape devices}
\major{  }{}{block}{Multiple disk devices}
\major{10}{}{char }{Non-serial mice, misc features}
\major{11}{}{block}{SCSI CD-ROM devices}
\major{12}{}{char }{QIC-02 tape}
\major{  }{}{block}{MSCDEX CD-ROM callback support}
\major{13}{}{char }{PC speaker}
\major{  }{}{block}{8-bit MFM/RLL/IDE controller}
\major{14}{}{char }{Sound card}
\major{  }{}{block}{BIOS harddrive callback support}
\major{15}{}{char }{Joystick}
\major{  }{}{block}{Sony CDU-31A/CDU-33A CD-ROM}
\major{16}{}{char }{Reserved for scanners}
\major{  }{}{block}{GoldStar CD-ROM}
\major{17}{}{char }{Chase serial card}
\major{  }{}{block}{Optics Storage CD-ROM}
\major{18}{}{char }{Chase serial card -- alternate devices}
\major{  }{}{block}{Sanyo CD-ROM}
\major{19}{}{char }{Cyclades serial card}
\major{  }{}{block}{Double compressed disk}
\major{20}{}{char }{Cyclades serial card -- alternate devices}
\major{  }{}{block}{Hitachi CD-ROM}
\major{21}{}{char }{Generic SCSI access}
\major{22}{}{char }{Digiboard serial card}
\major{  }{}{block}{Second IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface}
\major{23}{}{char }{Digiboard serial card -- alternate devices}
\major{  }{}{block}{Mitsumi proprietary CD-ROM}
\major{24}{}{char }{Stallion serial card}
\major{  }{}{block}{Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM}
\major{25}{}{char }{Stallion serial card -- alternate devices}
\major{  }{}{block}{First Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM}
\major{26}{}{block}{Second Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM}
\major{27}{}{char }{QIC-117 tape}
\major{  }{}{block}{Third Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM}
\major{28}{}{char }{Stallion serial card -- card programming}
\major{  }{}{block}{Fourth Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM}
\major{  }{}{block}{ACSI disk (68k)}
\major{29}{}{char }{Universal frame buffer}
\major{  }{}{block}{Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes CD-ROM}
\major{30}{}{char }{iBCS-2}
\major{  }{}{block}{Philips LMS-205 CD-ROM}
\major{31}{}{char }{MPU-401 MIDI}
\major{  }{}{block}{ROM/flash memory card}
\major{32}{}{char }{Specialix serial card}
\major{  }{}{block}{Philips LMS-206 CD-ROM}
\major{33}{}{char }{Specialix serial card -- alternate devices}
\major{  }{}{block}{Third IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface}
\major{34}{}{char }{Z8530 HDLC driver}
\major{  }{}{block}{Fourth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface}
\major{35}{}{char }{tclmidi MIDI driver}
\major{  }{}{block}{Modular RAM disk}
\major{36}{}{char }{Netlink support}
\major{  }{}{block}{MCA ESDI hard disk}
\major{37}{--41}{}{Unallocated}
\major{42}{}{}{Demo/sample use}
\major{43}{--223}{}{Unallocated}
\major{224}{--239}{}{SEE NOTE}
\major{240}{--254}{}{Local use}
\major{255}{}{}{Reserved}
\end{devicelist}

\section{Minor numbers}


\begin{devicelist}
\major{0}{}{}{Unnamed devices (NFS mounts, loopback devices)}
	\minor{0}{}{reserved as null device number}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{1}{}{char}{Memory devices}
	\minor{1}{/dev/mem}{Physical memory access}
	\minor{2}{/dev/kmem}{Kernel virtual memory access}
	\minor{3}{/dev/null}{Null device}
	\minor{4}{/dev/port}{I/O port access}
	\minor{5}{/dev/zero}{Null byte source}
	\minor{6}{/dev/core}{OBSOLETE -- should be a link to {\file /proc/kcore}}
	\minor{7}{/dev/full}{Returns ENOSPC on write}
	\minor{8}{/dev/random}{Nondeterministic random number generator}
	\minor{9}{/dev/urandom}{Less secure, but faster random number generator}
\\
\major{}{}{block}{RAM disk}
	\minor{1}{/dev/ramdisk}{RAM disk}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{2}{}{char}{Reserved for PTY's $<$tytso@athena.mit.edu$>$}
\major{}{}{block}{Floppy disks}
	\minor{0}{/dev/fd0}{Controller 1, drive 1 autodetect}
	\minor{1}{/dev/fd1}{Controller 1, drive 2 autodetect}
	\minor{2}{/dev/fd2}{Controller 1, drive 3 autodetect}
	\minor{3}{/dev/fd3}{Controller 1, drive 4 autodetect}
	\minor{128}{/dev/fd4}{Controller 2, drive 1 autodetect}
	\minor{129}{/dev/fd5}{Controller 2, drive 2 autodetect}
	\minor{130}{/dev/fd6}{Controller 2, drive 3 autodetect}
	\minor{131}{/dev/fd7}{Controller 2, drive 4 autodetect}
\\
\major{}{}{}{To specify format, add to the autodetect device number}
	\minor{  0}{/dev/fd?}{Autodetect format}
	\minor{  4}{/dev/fd?d360}{5.25" \num{4}{360}K in a \num{4}{360}K drive\1}
	\minor{ 20}{/dev/fd?h360}{5.25" \num{4}{360}K in a 1200K drive\1}
	\minor{ 48}{/dev/fd?h410}{5.25" \num{4}{410}K in a 1200K drive}
	\minor{ 64}{/dev/fd?h420}{5.25" \num{4}{420}K in a 1200K drive}
	\minor{ 24}{/dev/fd?h720}{5.25" \num{4}{720}K in a 1200K drive}
	\minor{ 80}{/dev/fd?h880}{5.25" \num{4}{880}K in a 1200K drive\1}
	\minor{  8}{/dev/fd?h1200}{5.25" 1200K in a 1200K drive\1}
	\minor{ 40}{/dev/fd?h1440}{5.25" 1440K in a 1200K drive\1}
	\minor{ 56}{/dev/fd?h1476}{5.25" 1476K in a 1200K drive}
	\minor{ 72}{/dev/fd?h1494}{5.25" 1494K in a 1200K drive}
	\minor{ 92}{/dev/fd?h1600}{5.25" 1600K in a 1200K drive\1}
	\minor{}{}{}
	\minor{ 12}{/dev/fd?u360}{3.5" \num{4}{360}K Double Density}
	\minor{ 16}{/dev/fd?u720}{3.5" \num{4}{720}K Double Density\1}
	\minor{120}{/dev/fd?u800}{3.5" \num{4}{800}K Double Density\2}
	\minor{ 52}{/dev/fd?u820}{3.5" \num{4}{820}K Double Density}
	\minor{ 68}{/dev/fd?u830}{3.5" \num{4}{830}K Double Density}
	\minor{ 84}{/dev/fd?u1040}{3.5" 1040K Double Density\1}
	\minor{ 88}{/dev/fd?u1120}{3.5" 1120K Double Density\1}
	\minor{ 28}{/dev/fd?u1440}{3.5" 1440K High Density\1}
	\minor{124}{/dev/fd?u1600}{3.5" 1600K High Density\1}
	\minor{ 44}{/dev/fd?u1680}{3.5" 1680K High Density\3}
	\minor{ 60}{/dev/fd?u1722}{3.5" 1722K High Density}
	\minor{ 76}{/dev/fd?u1743}{3.5" 1743K High Density}
	\minor{ 96}{/dev/fd?u1760}{3.5" 1760K High Density}
	\minor{116}{/dev/fd?u1840}{3.5" 1840K High Density\3}
	\minor{100}{/dev/fd?u1920}{3.5" 1920K High Density\1}
	\minor{ 32}{/dev/fd?u2880}{3.5" 2880K Extra Density\1}
	\minor{104}{/dev/fd?u3200}{3.5" 3200K Extra Density}
	\minor{108}{/dev/fd?u3520}{3.5" 3520K Extra Density}
	\minor{112}{/dev/fd?u3840}{3.5" 3840K Extra Density\1}
	\minor{}{}{}
	\minor{36}{/dev/fd?CompaQ}{Compaq 2880K drive; probably obsolete}
\\
\major{}{}{}{\1 Autodetectable format}
\major{}{}{}{\2 Autodetectable format in a Double Density (720K) drive only}
\major{}{}{}{\3 Autodetectable format in a High Density (1440K) drive only}
\end{devicelist}

NOTE: The letter in the device name ({\file d}, {\file q}, {\file h}
or {\file u}) signifies the type of drive supported: 5.25" Double
Density ({\file d}), 5.25" Quad Density ({\file q}), 5.25" High
Density ({\file h}) or 3.5" (any type, {\file u}).  The capital
letters {\file D}, {\file H}, or {\file E} for the 3.5" models have
been deprecated, since the drive type is insignificant for these devices.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{3}{}{char}{Reserved for PTY's $<$tytso@athena.mit.edu$>$}
\major{}{}{block}{First MFM, RLL and IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface}
	\minor{0}{/dev/hda}{Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)}
	\minor{64}{/dev/hdb}{Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)}
\\
\major{}{}{}{For partitions, add to the whole disk device number}
	\minor{0}{/dev/hd?}{Whole disk}
	\minor{1}{/dev/hd?1}{First primary partition}
	\minor{2}{/dev/hd?2}{Second primary partition}
	\minor{3}{/dev/hd?3}{Third primary partition}
	\minor{4}{/dev/hd?4}{Fourth primary partition}
	\minor{5}{/dev/hd?5}{First logical partition}
	\minor{6}{/dev/hd?6}{Second logical partition}
	\minor{7}{/dev/hd?7}{Third logical partition}
	\minordots
	\minor{63}{/dev/hd?63}{59th logical partition}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{ 4}{}{char }{TTY devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/console}{Console device}
	\minor{1}{/dev/tty1}{First virtual console}
	\minordots
	\minor{63}{/dev/tty63}{63rd virtual console}
	\minor{64}{/dev/ttyS0}{First serial port}
	\minordots
	\minor{127}{/dev/ttyS63}{64th serial port}
	\minor{128}{/dev/ptyp0}{First pseudo-tty master}
	\minordots
	\minor{191}{/dev/ptysf}{64th pseudo-tty master}
	\minor{192}{/dev/ttyp0}{First pseudo-tty slave}
	\minordots
	\minor{255}{/dev/ttysf}{64th pseudo-tty slave}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Pseudo-tty's are named as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item Masters are {\file pty}, slaves are {\file tty};
\item the fourth letter is one of {\file pqrs} indicating
the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th series of 16 pseudo-ttys each, and
\item the fifth letter is one of {\file 0123456789abcdef} indicating
the position within the series.
\end{itemize}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{ 5}{}{char }{Alternate TTY devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/tty}{Current TTY device}
	\minor{64}{/dev/cua0}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyS0}}
	\minordots
	\minor{127}{/dev/cua63}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyS63}}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{ 6}{}{char }{Parallel printer devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/lp0}{First parallel printer ({\hex 0x3bc})}
	\minor{1}{/dev/lp1}{Second parallel printer ({\hex 0x378})}
	\minor{2}{/dev/lp2}{Third parallel printer ({\hex 0x278})}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Not all computers have the {\hex 0x3bc} parallel port, hence the
"first" printer may be either {\file /dev/lp0} or {\file /dev/lp1}.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{ 7}{}{char }{Virtual console access devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/vcs}{Current vc text access}
	\minor{1}{/dev/vcs1}{tty1 text access}
	\minordots
	\minor{63}{/dev/vcs63}{tty63 text access}
	\minor{128}{/dev/vcsa}{Current vc text/attribute access}
	\minor{129}{/dev/vcsa1}{tty1 text/attribute access}
	\minordots
	\minor{191}{/dev/vcsa63}{tty63 text/attribute access}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
NOTE: These devices permit both read and write access.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{ 8}{}{block}{SCSI disk devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sda}{First SCSI disk whole disk}
	\minor{16}{/dev/sdb}{Second SCSI disk whole disk}
	\minor{32}{/dev/sdc}{Third SCSI disk whole disk}
	\minordots
	\minor{240}{/dev/sdp}{Sixteenth SCSI disk whole disk}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major
number 3) except that the limit on logical partitions is 11 rather
than 59 per disk.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{ 9}{}{char }{SCSI tape devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/st0}{First SCSI tape}
	\minor{1}{/dev/st1}{Second SCSI tape}
	\minordots
	\minor{128}{/dev/nst0}{First SCSI tape, no rewind-on-close}
	\minor{129}{/dev/nst1}{Second SCSI tape, no rewind-on-close}
	\minordots
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Multiple disk devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/md0}{First device group}
	\minor{1}{/dev/md1}{Second device group}
	\minordots
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
The multiple device driver is used to span a filesystem across multiple
physical disks.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{10}{}{char }{Non-serial mice, misc features}
	\minor{0}{/dev/logibm}{Logitech bus mouse}
	\minor{1}{/dev/psaux}{PS/2-style mouse port}
	\minor{2}{/dev/inportbm}{Microsoft Inport bus mouse}
	\minor{3}{/dev/atibm}{ATI XL bus mouse}
	\minor{4}{/dev/jbm}{J-mouse}
	\minor{4}{/dev/amigamouse}{Amiga Mouse (68k)}
	\minor{5}{/dev/atarimouse}{Atari Mouse (68k)}
	\minor{128}{/dev/beep}{Fancy beep device}
	\minor{129}{/dev/modreq}{Kernel module load request}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{11}{}{block}{SCSI CD-ROM devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sr0}{First SCSI CD-ROM}
	\minor{1}{/dev/sr1}{Second SCSI CD-ROM}
	\minordots
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
The prefix {\file /dev/scd} instead of {\file /dev/sr} has been used
as well, and might make more sense.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{12}{}{char }{QIC-02 tape}
	\minor{2}{/dev/ntpqic11}{QIC-11, no rewind-on-close}
	\minor{3}{/dev/tpqic11}{QIC-11, rewind-on-close}
	\minor{4}{/dev/ntpqic24}{QIC-24, no rewind-on-close}
	\minor{5}{/dev/tpqic24}{QIC-24, rewind-on-close}
	\minor{6}{/dev/ntpqic120}{QIC-120, no rewind-on-close}
	\minor{7}{/dev/tpqic120}{QIC-120, rewind-on-close}
	\minor{8}{/dev/ntpqic150}{QIC-150, no rewind-on-close}
	\minor{9}{/dev/tpqic150}{QIC-150, rewind-on-close}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
The device names specified are proposed -- if there are ``standard''
names for these devices, please let me know.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{  }{}{block}{MSCDEX CD-ROM callback support}
	\minor{0}{/dev/dos\_cd0}{First MSCDEX CD-ROM}
	\minor{1}{/dev/dos\_cd1}{Second MSCDEX CD-ROM}
	\minordots
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{13}{}{char }{PC speaker}
	\minor{0}{/dev/pcmixer}{Emulates {\file /dev/mixer}}
	\minor{3}{/dev/pcsp}{Emulates {\file /dev/dsp} (8-bit)}
	\minor{4}{/dev/pcaudio}{Emulates {\file /dev/audio}}
	\minor{5}{/dev/pcsp16}{Emulates {\file /dev/dsp} (16-bit)}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{8-bit MFM/RLL/IDE controller}
	\minor{0}{/dev/xda}{First XT disk whole disk}
	\minor{64}{/dev/xdb}{Second XT disk whole disk}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major
number 3).

\begin{devicelist}
\major{14}{}{char }{Sound card}
	\minor{0}{/dev/mixer}{Mixer control}
	\minor{1}{/dev/sequencer}{Audio sequencer}
	\minor{2}{/dev/midi00}{First MIDI port}
	\minor{3}{/dev/dsp}{Digital audio}
	\minor{4}{/dev/audio}{Sun-compatible digital audio}
	\minor{6}{/dev/sndstat}{Sound card status information}
	\minor{8}{/dev/sequencer2}{Sequencer -- alternate device}
	\minor{16}{/dev/mixer1}{Second soundcard mixer control}
	\minor{17}{/dev/patmgr0}{Sequencer patch manager}
	\minor{18}{/dev/midi01}{Second MIDI port}
	\minor{19}{/dev/dsp1}{Second soundcard digital audio}
	\minor{20}{/dev/audio1}{Second soundcard Sun digital audio}
	\minor{33}{/dev/patmgr1}{Sequencer patch manager}
	\minor{34}{/dev/midi02}{Third MIDI port}
	\minor{50}{/dev/midi03}{Fourth MIDI port}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{BIOS harddrive callback support}
	\minor{0}{/dev/dos\_hda}{First BIOS harddrive whole disk}
	\minor{64}{/dev/dos\_hdb}{Second BIOS harddrive whole disk}
	\minor{128}{/dev/dos\_hdc}{Third BIOS harddrive whole disk}
	\minor{192}{/dev/dos\_hdd}{Fourth BIOS harddrive whole disk}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major
number 3).

\begin{devicelist}
\major{15}{}{char }{Joystick}
	\minor{0}{/dev/js0}{First joystick}
	\minor{1}{/dev/js1}{Second joystick}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Sony CDU-31A/CDU-33A CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sonycd}{Sony CDU-31A CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{16}{}{char }{Reserved for scanners}
\major{  }{}{block}{GoldStar CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/gscd}{GoldStar CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{17}{}{char }{Chase serial card}
	\minor{0}{/dev/ttyH0}{First Chase port}
	\minor{1}{/dev/ttyH1}{Second Chase port}
	\minordots
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Optics Storage CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/optcd}{Optics Storage CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{18}{}{char }{Chase serial card -- alternate devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/cuh0}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyH0}}
	\minor{1}{/dev/cuh1}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyH1}}
	\minordots
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Sanyo CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sjcd}{Sanyo CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{19}{}{char }{Cyclades serial card}
	\minor{32}{/dev/ttyC0}{First Cyclades port}
	\minordots
	\minor{63}{/dev/ttyC31}{32nd Cyclades port}
\end{devicelist}
\noindent
It would make more sense for these to start at 0...
\begin{devicelist}
\major{  }{}{block}{``Double'' compressed disk}
	\minor{0}{/dev/double0}{First compressed disk}
	\minordots
	\minor{7}{/dev/double7}{Eighth compressed disk}
	\minor{128}{/dev/cdouble0}{Mirror of first compressed disk}
	\minordots
	\minor{135}{/dev/cdouble7}{Mirror of eighth compressed disk}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
See the Double documentation for an explanation of the ``mirror'' devices.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{20}{}{char }{Cyclades serial card -- alternate devices}
	\minor{32}{/dev/cub0}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyC0}}
	\minordots
	\minor{63}{/dev/cub31}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyC31}}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Hitachi CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/hitcd}{Hitachi CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{21}{}{char }{Generic SCSI access}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sg0}{First generic SCSI device}
	\minor{1}{/dev/sg1}{Second generic SCSI device}
	\minordots
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{22}{}{char }{Digiboard serial card}
	\minor{0}{/dev/ttyD0}{First Digiboard port}
	\minor{1}{/dev/ttyD1}{Second Digiboard port}
	\minordots
\major{  }{}{block}{Second IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface}
	\minor{0}{/dev/hdc}{Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)}
	\minor{64}{/dev/hdd}{Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Partitions are handled the same way as for the first interface (see
major number 3).

\begin{devicelist}
\major{23}{}{char }{Digiboard serial card -- alternate devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/cud0}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyD0}}
	\minor{1}{/dev/cud1}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyD1}}
	\minordots
\major{  }{}{block}{Mitsumi proprietary CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/mcd}{Mitsumi CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}\
\major{24}{}{char }{Stallion serial card}
	\minor{0}{/dev/ttyE0}{Stallion port 0 board 0}
	\minor{1}{/dev/ttyE1}{Stallion port 1 board 0}
	\minordots
	\minor{64}{/dev/ttyE64}{Stallion port 0 board 1}
	\minor{65}{/dev/ttyE65}{Stallion port 1 board 1}
	\minordots
	\minor{128}{/dev/ttyE128}{Stallion port 0 board 2}
	\minor{129}{/dev/ttyE129}{Stallion port 1 board 2}
	\minordots
	\minor{192}{/dev/ttyE192}{Stallion port 0 board 3}
	\minor{193}{/dev/ttyE193}{Stallion port 1 board 3}
	\minordots
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/cdu535}{Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{25}{}{char }{Stallion serial card -- alternate devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/cue0}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyE0}}
	\minor{1}{/dev/cue1}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyE1}}
	\minordots
	\minor{64}{/dev/cue64}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyE64}}
	\minor{65}{/dev/cue65}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyE65}}
	\minordots
	\minor{128}{/dev/cue128}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyE128}}
	\minor{129}{/dev/cue129}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyE129}}
	\minordots
	\minor{192}{/dev/cue192}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyE192}}
	\minor{193}{/dev/cue193}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyE193}}
	\minordots
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{First Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sbpcd0}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 0}
	\minor{1}{/dev/sbpcd1}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 1}
	\minor{2}{/dev/sbpcd2}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 2}
	\minor{3}{/dev/sbpcd3}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 3}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{26}{}{char }{Frame grabbers}
	\minor{0}{/dev/wvisfgrab}{Quanta WinVision frame grabber}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Second Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sbpcd4}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 0}
	\minor{1}{/dev/sbpcd5}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 1}
	\minor{2}{/dev/sbpcd6}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 2}
	\minor{3}{/dev/sbpcd7}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 3}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{27}{}{char }{QIC-117 tape}
	\minor{0}{/dev/rft0}{Unit 0, rewind-on-close}
	\minor{1}{/dev/rft1}{Unit 1, rewind-on-close}
	\minor{2}{/dev/rft2}{Unit 2, rewind-on-close}
	\minor{3}{/dev/rft3}{Unit 3, rewind-on-close}
	\minor{4}{/dev/nrft0}{Unit 0, no rewind-on-close}
	\minor{5}{/dev/nrft1}{Unit 1, no rewind-on-close}
	\minor{6}{/dev/nrft2}{Unit 2, no rewind-on-close}
	\minor{7}{/dev/nrft3}{Unit 3, no rewind-on-close}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Third Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sbpcd8}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 0}
	\minor{1}{/dev/sbpcd9}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 1}
	\minor{2}{/dev/sbpcd10}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 2}
	\minor{3}{/dev/sbpcd11}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 3}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{28}{}{char }{Stallion serial card -- card programming}
	\minor{0}{/dev/staliomem0}{First Stallion I/O card memory}
	\minor{1}{/dev/staliomem1}{Second Stallion I/O card memory}
	\minor{2}{/dev/staliomem2}{Third Stallion I/O card memory}
	\minor{3}{/dev/staliomem3}{Fourth Stallion I/O card memory}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Fourth Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sbpcd12}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 0}
	\minor{1}{/dev/sbpcd13}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 1}
	\minor{2}{/dev/sbpcd14}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 2}
	\minor{3}{/dev/sbpcd15}{Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 3}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{ACSI disk (68k)}
	\minor{0}{/dev/ada}{First ACSI disk whole disk}
	\minor{16}{/dev/adb}{Second ACSI disk whole disk}
	\minor{32}{/dev/adc}{Third ACSI disk whole disk}
	\minordots
	\minor{240}{/dev/adp}{Sixteenth ACSI disk whole disk}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major
number 3) except that the limit on logical partitions is 11 rather
than 59 per disk.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{29}{}{char }{Universal frame buffer}
	\minor{0}{/dev/fb0current}{First frame buffer}
	\minor{1}{/dev/fb0autodetect}{}
	\minordots
	\minor{16}{/dev/fb1current}{Second frame buffer}
	\minor{17}{/dev/fb1autodetect}{}
	\minordots
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
The universal frame buffer device is currently supported only on
Linux/68k.  The {\file current} device accesses the frame buffer at
current resolution; the {\file autodetect} one at bootup (default)
resolution.  Minor numbers 2--15 within each frame buffer assignment
are used for specific device-dependent resolutions.  There appears to
be no standard naming for these devices.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{  }{}{block}{Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/aztcd}{Aztech CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{30}{}{char }{iBCS-2 compatibility devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/socksys}{Socket access}
	\minor{1}{/dev/spx}{SVR3 local X interface}
	\minor{2}{/dev/inet/arp}{Network access}
	\minor{2}{/dev/inet/icmp}{Network access}
	\minor{2}{/dev/inet/ip}{Network access}
	\minor{2}{/dev/inet/udp}{Network access}
	\minor{2}{/dev/inet/tcp}{Network access}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
iBCS-2 requires {\file /dev/nfsd} to be a link to {\file /dev/socksys}
and {\file /dev/X0R} to be a link to {\file /dev/null}.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{  }{}{block}{Philips LMS CM-205 CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/cm205cd}{Philips LMS CM-205 CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
{\file /dev/lmscd} is an older name for this drive.  This driver does
not work with the CM-205MS CD-ROM.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{31}{}{char }{MPU-401 MIDI}
	\minor{0}{/dev/mpu401data}{MPU-401 data port}
	\minor{1}{/dev/mpu401stat}{MPU-401 status port}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{ROM/flash memory card}
	\minor{0}{/dev/rom0}{First ROM card (rw)}
	\minordots
	\minor{7}{/dev/rom7}{Eighth ROM card (rw)}
	\minor{8}{/dev/rrom0}{First ROM card (ro)}
	\minordots
	\minor{15}{/dev/rrom0}{Eighth ROM card (ro)}
	\minor{16}{/dev/flash0}{First flash memory card (rw)}
	\minordots
	\minor{23}{/dev/flash7}{Eighth flash memory card (rw)}
	\minor{24}{/dev/rflash0}{First flash memory card (ro)}
	\minordots
	\minor{31}{/dev/rflash7}{Eighth flash memory card (ro)}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
The read-write (rw) devices support back-caching written data in RAM,
as well as writing to flash RAM devices.  The read-only devices (ro)
support reading only.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{32}{}{char }{Specialix serial card}
	\minor{0}{/dev/ttyX0}{First Specialix port}
	\minor{1}{/dev/ttyX1}{Second Specialix port}
	\minordots
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Philips LMS CM-206 CD-ROM}
	\minor{0}{/dev/cm206cd}{Philips LMS CM-206 CD-ROM}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{33}{}{char }{Specialix serial card -- alternate devices}
	\minor{0}{/dev/cux0}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyX0}}
	\minor{1}{/dev/cux1}{Callout device corresponding to {\file ttyX1}}
	\minordots
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Third IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface}
	\minor{0}{/dev/hde}{Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)}
	\minor{64}{/dev/hdf}{Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Partitions are handled the same way as for the first interface (see
major number 3).

\begin{devicelist}
\major{34}{}{char }{Z8530 HDLC driver}
	\minor{0}{/dev/sc1}{First Z8530, first port}
	\minor{1}{/dev/sc2}{First Z8530, second port}
	\minor{2}{/dev/sc3}{Second Z8530, first port}
	\minor{3}{/dev/sc4}{Second Z8530, second port}
	\minordots
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
The author has indicated that the device names will change in a
subsequent version; {\file /dev/sc1} will become {\file /dev/scc0} etc.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{  }{}{block}{Fourth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface}
	\minor{0}{/dev/hdg}{Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM)}
	\minor{64}{/dev/hdh}{Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM)}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Partitions are handled the same way as for the first interface (see
major number 3).

\begin{devicelist}
\major{35}{}{char }{tclmidi MIDI driver}
	\minor{0}{/dev/midi0}{First MIDI port, kernel timed}
	\minor{1}{/dev/midi1}{Second MIDI port, kernel timed}
	\minor{2}{/dev/midi2}{Third MIDI port, kernel timed}
	\minor{3}{/dev/midi3}{Fourth MIDI port, kernel timed}
	\minor{64}{/dev/rmidi0}{First MIDI port, untimed}
	\minor{65}{/dev/rmidi1}{Second MIDI port, untimed}
	\minor{66}{/dev/rmidi2}{Third MIDI port, untimed}
	\minor{67}{/dev/rmidi3}{Fourth MIDI port, untimed}
	\minor{128}{/dev/smpte0}{First MIDI port, SMPTE timed}
	\minor{129}{/dev/smpte1}{Second MIDI port, SMPTE timed}
	\minor{130}{/dev/smpte2}{Third MIDI port, SMPTE timed}
	\minor{131}{/dev/smpte3}{Fourth MIDI port, SMPTE timed}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{Modular RAM disk}
	\minor{0}{/dev/ram0}{First modular RAM disk}
	\minor{1}{/dev/ram1}{Second modular RAM disk}
	\minordots
	\minor{255}{/dev/ram255}{256th modular RAM disk}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{36}{}{char }{Netlink support}
	\minor{0}{/dev/route}{Routing, device updates (kernel to user)}
	\minor{1}{/dev/skip}{enSKIP security cache control}
\\
\major{  }{}{block}{MCA ESDI hard disk}
	\minor{0}{/dev/eda}{First ESDI disk whole disk}
	\minor{64}{/dev/edb}{Second ESDI disk whole disk}
	\minordots
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
Partitions are handled the same way as for IDE disks (see major number
3).

\begin{devicelist}
\major{37}{--41}{}{Unallocated}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{42}{}{}{Demo/sample use}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
This number is indended for use in sample code, as well as a general
``example'' device number.  It should never be used for a device
driver that is being distributed; either obtain an official number or
use the local/experimental range.  The sudden addition or removal of a
driver with this number should not cause ill effects to the system
(bugs excepted.)

\begin{devicelist}
\major{43}{--223}{}{Unallocated}
\end{devicelist}

\begin{devicelist}
\major{224}{--239}{}{SEE NOTE}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
This range is currently assigned as part of the local/experimental
range.  However, because of the Linux way of setting a limit on the
highest device number in the system, currently set at 63 by default, I
am considering changing the local/experimental use to 60--63,
120--127, 240--254.  If you are currently using the range 224--239 and
such a change would pose a problem for you, please contact
$<$hpa@storm.net$>$ as soon as possible.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{240}{--254}{}{Local/experimental use}
\end{devicelist}

\noindent
For devices not assigned official numbers, this range should be used,
in order to avoid conflict with future assignments.  Please note that
{\file MAX\_CHRDEV} and {\file MAX\_BLKDEV} in {\file
linux/include/linux/major.h} must be set to a value greater than the
highest used major number.  For a kernel using local/experimental
devices, it is probably easiest to set both of these equal to 256.
The memory cost above using the default value of 64 is 3K.

\begin{devicelist}
\major{255}{}{}{Reserved}
\end{devicelist}

\section{Additional /dev directory entries}

This section details additional entries that should or may exist in the
{\file /dev} directory.  It is preferred that symbolic links use the
same form (absolute or relative) as is indicated here.  Links are
classified as {\em hard\/} or {\em symbolic\/} depending on the
preferred type of link; if possible, the indicated type of link should
be used.

\subsection{Compulsory links}

These links should exist on all systems:

\begin{nodelist}
\link{/dev/fd}{/proc/self/fd}{symbolic}{File descriptors}
\link{/dev/stdin}{fd/0}{symbolic}{Standard input file descriptor}
\link{/dev/stdout}{fd/1}{symbolic}{Standard output file descriptor}
\link{/dev/stderr}{fd/2}{symbolic}{Standard error file descriptor}
\end{nodelist}

\subsection{Recommended links}

It is recommended that these links exist on all systems:

\begin{nodelist}
\link{/dev/X0R}{null}{symbolic}{Used by iBCS-2}
\link{/dev/nfsd}{socksys}{symbolic}{Used by iBCS-2}
\link{/dev/core}{/proc/kcore}{symbolic}{Backward compatibility}
\link{/dev/scd?}{sr?}{hard}{Alternate name for CD-ROMs}
%\link{/dev/fd?H*}{fd?D*}{hard}{Compatible floppy formats}
%\link{/dev/fd?E*}{fd?D*}{hard}{Compatible floppy formats}
%\link{/dev/fd?E*}{fd?H*}{hard}{Compatible floppy formats}
\end{nodelist}

\subsection{Locally defined links}

The following links may be established locally to conform to the
configuration of the system.  This is merely a tabulation of existing
practice, and does not constitute a recommendation.  However, if they
exist, they should have the following uses.

\begin{nodelist}
\vlink{/dev/mouse}{mouse port}{symbolic}{Current mouse device}
\vlink{/dev/tape}{tape device}{symbolic}{Current tape device}
\vlink{/dev/cdrom}{CD-ROM device}{symbolic}{Current CD-ROM device}
\vlink{/dev/cdwriter}{CD-writer}{symbolic}{Current CD-writer device}
\vlink{/dev/scanner}{scanner device}{symbolic}{Current scanner device}
\vlink{/dev/modem}{modem port}{symbolic}{Current dialout device}
\vlink{/dev/root}{root device}{symbolic}{Current root filesystem}
\vlink{/dev/swap}{swap device}{symbolic}{Current swap device}
\end{nodelist}

\noindent
{\file /dev/modem} should not be used for a modem which supports
dialin as well as dialout, as it tends to cause lock file problems.
If it exists, {\file /dev/modem} should point to the appropriate
dialout (alternate) device.

For SCSI devices, {\file /dev/tape} and {\file /dev/cdrom} should
point to the ``cooked'' devices ({\file /dev/st*} and {\file
/dev/sr*}, respectively), whereas {\file /dev/cdwriter} and {\file
/dev/scanner} should point to the appropriate generic SCSI devices
({\file /dev/sg*}.)

{\file /dev/mouse} may point to a dialout (alternate) TTY device, a
hardware mouse device, or a socket for a mouse driver program.

\subsection{Sockets and pipes}

Non-transient sockets or named pipes may exist in {\file /dev}.
Common entries are:

\begin{nodelist}
\node{/dev/printer}{socket}{{\file lpd} local socket}
\node{/dev/log}{socket}{{\file syslog} local socket}
\end{nodelist}

\end{document}

